The main objectives of this study are-

To explore the nature of cybercrime in developing countries.

To find out the cyber threats for terrorist activities

To explain cyber crime and threats from criminological aspect

Findings of the study describes according to their objectives. At first, this paper discuss about the nature of cyber crime in developing countries. It could allow developed countries to understand better the national and international effects of that cyber threats, to determine the conditions of current regional and international agreements, and to help countries create a sound legal framework. And then we notice the impact of cyber threats all over the world. At last we discuss about the cyber crime in criminological point of view.

The quick digitalization has taken place in developing countries such as Botswana, Bangladesh, Kenya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Rwanda, and Tanzania. In Asia the rapid growth in internet use, including 10 times or more access increases in China, Indonesia and India since 2002, has also been associated with significant cybercrime increases. The majority of the UN Sustainable Development Goals now include digitalization. International organizations and donor countries continually utilize digital technology as their development goals–social, political and economic. In the background of the Budapest Convention of 2001, the law-enforcement reaction is quickly analyzed throughout Asia. They describe the nature of cybercrime, and equate the laws and regulations in Asian countries with the terms of the Convention. It covers the' beard' or the material and the illegal products such as botnets. While issues arise around cloud computing, social media, wireless / smart phone apps, and other developments in digital technologies, the difficulties of creating successful cross-border cyber criminal’s surveillance in Asia also are dealt with 17

As most cybercrimes are transnational, disparity in legislation and regulations across the country's frontiers renders collaboration in cross-border cybercrimes particularly difficult for governments. As Katyal (2003:180) pointed out, it is increasingly difficult for many countries to extend their national legislation to practices that are considered offensive or detrimental to local taste or community. The world's Internet users in March 2011 were projected to be 2,95 billion (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011). Throughout Asia and the Pacific area (i.e. Asia and Oceania) among all Internet users, 45 percent are based. In the Asian and Pacific world, China is home to nearly half of internet users 18. India is the second largest, currently 100 million Internet user, led by China, Korea (South Korea) and the Philippines. Countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand have over 70% of their total internet users online, while fewer than 10% of the people are involved in developing countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. The finding of strategies to respond and solutions to cybercrime threats, especially for developing countries, is a major challenge. A comprehensive anti-cybercrime strategy generally contains technical protection measures, as well as legal instruments 19. Developing countries will implement protection measures into the Internet roll out from the outset, as while the expense of the Internet services may initially increase, the long-term benefits in mitigating cybercrime costs and disruption are substantial and far exceed any potential spending on technological protection measures and network protections 20. Nevertheless, because of their lower standards of security and safety, the risks associated with the weaker legislation may impact developing countries more significantly (ITU Anti-Spam Legislation Survey 2005, "p. 5). Customers and businesses must not only be covered by conventional firms, but also by online companies or Internet companies. Failure to secure the internet may contribute to significant problems in developing countries fostering the development and inclusion of e-business in online services. For both advanced countries and developing countries, the implementation of strategic initiatives to support cyber security and effective anti-crime regulation is important. Developing countries have to put their counter-cybercrime policies in line from the start with international standards (Spam Issue in Developing Countries 2005, page 4).

Developing countries such as Bangladesh lack sufficient natural resources and try to achieve economic development by using the ICT sector. Throughout recent years, a growing number of countries have explored ICT resources, established guiding principles and developed a national ICT plan as part of the overall National Development Strategy. In particular, ICT has been a key player. ICTs are the main drivers of socio-economic development for Bangladesh (Clause 1.3 of the National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy October, 2002). Experts from IT say nearly 90% of cybercrimes remain unreported. The condition is deteriorating every day for Bangladesh. Bangladesh reports the most recent cyberattacks and crimes:

1. Blackmailing girl by capturing their nude photographs and video on the sly and threatening to expose publicly. Such incidents are caused frequently by their boyfriends and others.

2. There have been various Community platforms used by girls and boys to share telephone numbers for sharing secret video or even nude images, and so on.

3. Hacking in the website of Bangladesh Computer Society, which took place after a few days of a 3 day-long ‘Regional Seminar on Cyber Crime’ in Dhaka (www.cnewsvoice.com).

4. E-mail threatening the current Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina from a cybercafe (www.thedailystar.net).

5. Hacking into the Internet account of Barisal DC office in 2003 AD, the incident was revealed after the DC office received a heavily bloated Internet bill and lodged a complaint with the Bangladesh Tar and Telephone Board (BTTB) ^{The Daily Star Sunday July 13 2003}

6. Hacking took place in the website of Bangladesh Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) in 2008, during the access to www.rab.gov.bd, the website read: "Hacked by Shahee_Mirza.” (www.thedailystar.net).

7. Hacking the mail of BRAC Bangladesh.

8. Stealing the transaction report of Dhaka Stock Exchange through hacking.

Once the internet was established, the founding fathers of the internet had little idea that the internet was also misused for crime. Nonetheless, it's happening all over the world, loosely and mostly. The problem now is whether such offenses can be dealt with using traditional or exceptional approaches.

In the 90ies, a discussion focused on network based attacks on critical infrastructure ("cyber terrorism"), such as the use of information technology and transport and energy supply in armed conflicts, took the form of "cyberwar" network use by terrorist organisations. The use of computer technology as well as cyber-dependent violence has become more common challenges from terrorist groups. The notion that terrorists might result in a massive death loss, global economic mess or destruction of the world through piracy of critical infrastructure networks caught public imagination. national imagination. Cyber terror acts are known to be a potential target for air traffic control facilities, nuclear power plants, electricity grids, schools and equity markets. The notion is not simply to create a new generation of cyber terrorism, but to strengthen the capacity to conduct a destructive cyber-attack, for example by Islamic State, Al-Qaeda or a certain known terror organization. “In today’s world”, according to former US President Barack Obama, “acts of terror could come not only from a few extremists in suicide vests but from a few key strokes on the computer—a weapon of mass disruption.” What we do know, on the other hand, is that terrorist organization’s use the internet on a daily basis for a range of activities including propaganda, recruitment and communication. Islamic State has shown particular prowess in using social media to inspire vulnerable individuals around the world to join its cause. These uses of technology by terrorist groups pose major challenges and should remain the focus of cyber security efforts in counter-terrorism 21. Network protection vulnerabilities have been demonstrated clearly by the proliferation of viruses and botnet assaults. Successful militant internet attempts are probable, but the significance of risks is hard to assess (Terrorist Capabilities for Cyberattack, 2007, page 13). Typically, the style of terrorist activity which characterized the beginning of the 21st century was planned to prepare high-mortality incidents, to attain radical groups ' targets and both the power of the attackers and the weakness of the fired population. Such attacks often attract lawmakers ' attention to and goad acts that could be used to boost the group's credibility and recruit new members for radical causes. The social and political success of such efforts in post-9/11 environment has only increased the trend (The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, page 239 etseq). Everything shifted after the bombings on September 11, which contributed to the beginning of an extensive discourse on the use of ICTs for attackers. Saying that the perpetrators were using the Internet to plan the assault encouraged everything debate (http://www.aci.net/kalliste/electric.htm.). While the assaults were not cyber-attacks, the Web played a role in the planning of the 9/11 assault as the party who did not perpetrate a web-based attack. Different ways terrorist organizations use the Internet have been found in this context (CNN, News, 04.08.2004) 22 Today, it is known that terrorists use ICTs and the Internet for:

Propaganda

Information gathering

Preparation of real-world attacks

Publication of training material

Communication

Terrorist financing

Attacks against critical infrastructures

Many terrorist organizations depend on third-party financial resources. Following the 9/11 attacks, tracking this financial transaction has become one of the main ways of combating terrorism. The reality that financial means required to conduct attacks are not inherently high is one of the main problems in this regard (CRS Report for Congress, Terrorist Financing: The 9/11 Commission Recommendation, page 4). Web services can be used in many forms to fund terrorism. Terrorist organizations may use electronic payment systems to make donations online (Terrorists, propaganda and the Internet, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 53, No. 7 (2001), page 253). You can use websites to publish information about donations such as which bank accounts for transactions should be used. The Hezbollah Tahrir organization, which publishes bank account data for potential donors, was an example of this approach. (Weimannin USIP Report, How Terrorists use the Internet, 2004, page 7). The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was one of the first terrorist organizations, which collected donations through credit cards. Another approach is to donate credit card online (Terrorist Use the Internet and Fighting Back, Information and Security, 2006, page 4) 23. All methods involve finding and monitoring financial transactions using the information published. Anonymous electronic payment systems are therefore likely to become increasingly popular. The fact that cyber warfare is an evolving danger must be mitigated. The population of digital devices is growing rapidly, rendering them the first-line susceptible to a cyber-attack. A prerequisite assumption therefore is that our own enemies have to reassess cyber-attack on a regular basis over time because of the emergent existence of the digital economy, technology technologies, and skills (The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, 2001, page 42).

Cyber-reality is extremely paradoxical from a criminological perspective. Deviancy and violation of "normal" practices and values is part of all phases of cyber-space development. Professional innovation has achieved primary importance among hackers only because the idea of exclusivity, anonymity and copyright transcended their community. Cyberspace transparency has always been culturally determined and an intrinsic feature of the hacker culture. Cyber crime is committed electronically, and is often not clearly linked to any geographical position, unlike conventional crime committed in one geographical location. A concerted global solution to the cybercrime issue is therefore required. This is mainly because there are a number of problems that hinder effective cybercrime reduction. The weaknesses in technology, law and cyber criminology present some of the major issues ( Professor Hamid Jahankhani,2003:13).

Most criminal viewpoints describe criminality on the physical, economic and environmental aspects, and see crime as happening in a single geographical location 24. The description of crime allowed crime to be identified and ultimately adapted for the specific target group for crime prevention, monitoring and calculating approaches. This function, however, cannot be conducted. As a consequence, it is virtually impossible to identify areas of identifiable offenses that cause cybercrimes. In addition, this makes the criminal viewpoint worthless on the grounds of spatial variations (Brvar, 1982:92). Criminology thus encourages the motives of offenders to be identified by examining the social traits and position of perpetrators, which helps explain whether crimes committed by individuals with particular characteristics are widespread (Computer Crime: A Criminological Overview,2001:35). But in the case of cybercrimes the association of widespread acceptance of conventional crime with social exclusion and criminality can not be valid and cyber criminals, like traditional criminal perceptions, are quite' atypical.' There are therefore no useful explanations for cybercrimes from the current perspectives of criminology which connect marginalization and social exclusion to crime. Unless the causes are known, effective measures to combat cybercrime can difficultly be implemented by law enforcement agencies and the government (Levi, S. 1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution).

K. Jaishankar has developed a theory called ‘Space Transition Theory’in order to explain the causation of crimes in the cyberspace. I felt the need for a separate theory of cyber crimes because the general theoretical explanations were found to be inadequate as an overall explanation for the phenomenon of cybercrimes (Jaishankar 2008). He published this theory as a chapter in a book titled “Crimes of the Internet” edited by Frank Schmalleger& Michael Pittaro, published by Prentice Hall (2008: 283-301). "Space Transition Theory" is an interpretation of the essence of people's behavior in physically and on a cyberspace which demonstrates their conformity and non-conformity (Jaishankar 2008). Space transition involves the movement of persons from one space to another (e.g., from physical space to cyberspace and vice versa). Theory of space transfer suggests that when they shift from place to room, people act differently. The concept is nowadays, as is probably the most widely discussed in cyber crimeology, a significant scientific principle in criminal literature. This hypothesis discusses the creation of cyberspace as a new venue for criminality and describes the origin of cyberspace crimes (Jaishankar, 2008). The advancement of the concept of space transfer played a key role in the creation of cybercrime hypotheses. Because it came at a time when no other social scientist was able to explain as clearly as Jaishankar the overarching trend of cybercrime.

1. Persons, with repressed criminal behavior (in the physical space) have a propensity to commit crime in cyberspace, which, otherwise they would not commit in physical space, due to their status and position.

2. Identity Flexibility, Dissociative Anonymity and lack of deterrence factor in the cyberspace provides the offenders the choice to commit cybercrime.

3. Criminal behavior of offenders in cyberspace is likely to be imported to Physical space which, in physical space may be exported to cyberspace as well.

4. Intermittent ventures of offenders in to the cyberspace and the dynamic spatiotemporal nature of cyberspace provide the chance to escape.

5. (a) Strangers are likely to unite together in cyberspace to commit crime in the physical space. (b) Associates of physical space are likely to unite to commit crime in cyberspace.

6. Persons from closed society are more likely to commit crimes in cyberspace than persons from open society.

7. The conflict of Norms and Values of Physical Space with the Norms and Values of cyberspace may lead to cybercrimes.

Because criminology has begun to see the rise of cyberspace as a major focal point for criminal activity, a new theory is needed to explain why cybercrime is happening. The above principle of spatial transformation outlines the criminal conduct in cyberspace. The Space Transformation Theory needs to be tested to figure out if it addresses cybercrime 25. The second issue of the paper includes a wide range of articles written by emerging and established experts in the field of cyber criminology. The first essay by Russell Smith explores how developments in ICTs have created new crime problems, but also helped to prevent, track, evaluate, prosecute and execute abuse. Michael L. Pittaro's second article is a guide to online harassment and intimidation, which is called cyberstalk. In this article he addressed how the internet has encouraged violence. He claims that cyberstalking is not so simplistic but an evolution of online harassment as conventional stalking. The author gives several examples of cyber stalking and how the suspect is quickly abused. Each problem includes two book reviews. Nicholas Chantler, of Queensland University of Technology reviewed the book titled "CYBERCRIME–The Reality of the Threat by Nigel Phair. He believes that this book is an easy-to-read document for addressing cybercrime, based on the experience of the writer as a federal agency at the Australian Crime Centre and an Australian Federal Police. He notes that Internet users who get filmed on the site of on-line crime will decrease their trust in e-commerce14. The profile of cybercrime criminals is also mentioned briefly. Often identified are the global analyses of the elements of cyber crime. The book discusses cybercrime under a broad range of headings-recommendations for and expectations for the law enforcement action-such as unauthorized malware, crime of identification, phishing, critical infrastructure security, intellectual property, messaging, terrorism and compliance.

In fact, versatility, dissociative privacy, easy online communication and lack of protection are attracting more and more conventional offenders to the Web. In this analysis also the theory that cyberspace is used by cyber criminals if there is a discrepancy between the principles and values of physical space 26. Although few scholars test the theory of space transformation, there are some issues with the feasibility of testing the theory and several scholars have underlined this (Holt, Bossler, &Spellar, 2015; Holt &Bossler, 2016). It is to be noted that getting data of the cyber crime offenders is an onerous task and hence the difficulty of testing the space transition theory ensued. Even, Kethineni, Cao and Dodge (2017, pp-13-14) note that: While case studies provide some evidence for space transition theory, further data is needed to empirically evaluate these ideas. "Having a large population of cyber criminals will be challenging at this point and this problem may be addressed in the future 27. Cybercrimes will continue to grow, and in the future there is a thin line between offline and Web criminals, which will allow more cyber offenders and will make testing the hypothesis of the space transformation far simpler than is currently the case.